LEARNING ABOUT PHTHALATES

-1. What are phthalates?

Phthalates are additives used in every plastic products to increase their flexibility, durability and transperancy.

-2. Where can we find them?

We can find phthalates in almost every plastic products: cosmetics, baby's toys, beverage containers, food wraps...


-3.  Are they dangerous? Why?

Phthales not only pollute the environment,they also pollute our bodies. They easily escape to our environment and are found in products in which we have a high expousure. They can be absorbed by skin contact, ingested, inhaled...

-4. What are the two young scientists trying to do?

These two young scientists want to find a way to destroy phthalates, using a bacteria that has evolved and lives of them.

-5. Opinion about their work:

I think these two young scientists are  doing a magnificent work. Solving essencial problems for the natural environement such as the plastic waste. They also teach us a great lesson by saying that by mistakes we can create, discover, invent new things.

-6. What is an accident? Is always a bad thing?

An accident is something that was not predicted to happen. Not all accidents are bad things. As these two scientists say, the discovery of the penicilin was made due to an accident. Other discoveries made by mistake were the invention/discovery of the "smart dust" (a graduate student was working with silicon chips, when they shattered and she discovered that they were sending signals by themselfs), the discovery of the theory of the Big Bang as well as the discovery of the radioactivity were also made due to mistakes and accidents.

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/g1216/10-awesome-accidental-discoveries/

MECHANISMS

Mechanisms are groups of moving objects that perform a certain action. We can find different types of mechanism: gears, pulleys, levers, cams, linkages... For example to make music with a piano, we need certain mechanisms to make the string vibrate.

       -SIMPLE MACHINES-

-LEVERS:
                                                 

Levers are used to give a mechanical advantage make easier lifting or moving things. There are 3 types of levers:

-First class levers: The fulcrum is located between the load and the effort. E.g. a pair of scissors

-Second class levers: The load is located between the fulcrum and the effort. E.g. wheelbarrow

-Third class levers: The effort is located between the fulcrum and the load. E.g. fishing rod

-PULLEYS:


Pulleys make lifting a load easier. They change the direction of 
rotation, the change in speed or as turning force. Using two or more pulleys together the force can be doubled. E.g. a pulley used to take water from a water well.

-WHEEL AND AXLE:

The wheel and axle consists of a wheel attached to an axle that rotate together. Applying a small force to the wheel, the axle can do a great force. E.g. doorknob.

-INCLINED PLANE:

An inclined plane is a flat surface with one end higher than the other. It is used for raising or lowering a load with less effort. E.g. a ramp used to move goods into a truck.


-WEDGE:

A wedge is a triangular shaped tool (a small inclined plane). It can be used to separate, lift or hold an object. E.g. a wedge for keeping a car at place.


-SCREW:

A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion into linear motion. Like the other simple machines it can amplify force. The smaller the distance between the screw threads, the greater the mechanical advantage. E.g. a screw for sticking two pieces of wood together.

             -OTHER MECHANISMS-

-CAMS:

A cam is a shaped piece of metal or plastic attached to a rotating shaft. A cam mechanism has three parts: cam, slide and follower. It changes rotational motion into reciprocating motion (backwards and forwards in a straight line). Some types of cam shapes: 

-Eccentric cam: produces uniform reciprocating motion. It doesn't have the axle in the center of the cam.

-Snail cam: it rises gently and then it suddenly drops. It only works in one direction.

-Pear cam: the follower doesn't move for half a turn, then it will gently rise and fall

-Four-lobed cam: for each turn the follower will rise

-GEARS:

Gears consist of toothed wheel fixed to shafts. They interlock with each other. When two or more gears link together a gear train is formed.
The driver gear turns the driven gear by a hand or motor. If the driver gear turns clockwise the driven gear will turn anticlockwise. Some types of gears are:

-Worm gears: change the direction of rotation through 90º. The worm drive has only one tooth and turns faster than the worm gear and has two teeth and turns much more slower. E.g. a worm gear mechanism for tightening guitar strings.


-Rack and pinion: they are used to turn rotaty motion into linear motion. The pinion is used to move a flat gear(rack).

-Bevel gears: it also changes the direction of rotation through 90º. The teeth are angled at 45º to fit together at right angles.

-LINKAGES:

Linkages allow forces or motions to be directed where it is needed. They can be used to change the direction of motion, the type of motion and the size of a force. They are systems of rods or other materials connected by pivots.  Some types of linkages are bell cranks (change direction of force 90º) and lazy tongs (different levers linked together). E.g. Lazy tongs used for jumping.

Simple machines, cams, gears and linkages help us in our daily life. They transform input motion into output motion. Linear motion (straight line), reciprocating motion (backwards and forwards), oscillating motion (backwards and forwards in an arch) and rotary motion (moving in a circle) are other types of movements mechanisms can do.

Mechanisms Mindomo

Here you can find from where I have searched the information:
-Class notes
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml
Here you can find the links to all the images:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OAgykAvHOaD8N_mH1mASwq0R0F1i1RErxH21Ow1jzvA/edit?usp=sharing

WHO AM I?- WORKING WITH POWTOON-

My name is Arnau Duran Mayol, and I live in the countryside in Artà. I have two brothers and three dogs.

My hobbys are reading, playing the violin and the piano and doing karate. I also enjoy hiking, although I don't have enough time.

My powtoon

I've started 3rd of ESO and this year since September, in Technology classes, we have been working with Powtoon. A very easy and funny way to do presentations. At the end, the presentations are shown as a video, where you can include sound or record your voice. Our presentation had to include different inventions and discoveries, and with a good layout and music we could do a really nice presentation.

I've enjoyed using Powtoon because it is a very interesting, easy, funny way to do presentations, in which the information can be showed visually and with a lot of originality, because you can choose the music and images you want to.